ASTM A232 Chromium-Vanadium Spring Steel
Alloy Steels
Property Overview
Density7.8g/cm³
Elastic Modulus190GPa
Tensile Strength1790MPa
Yield Strength1610MPa
Brinell Hardness540HB
Maximum Service Temperature420°C
Chemical Composition
C
0.48 to 0.53%
CR
0.8 to 1.1%
MN
0.7 to 0.9%
SI
0.15 to 0.35%
P
0 to 0.020%
S
0 to 0.035%
V
0.15 to 0.3%
FE
96.8 to 97.7%
Mechanical
Elastic (Young's, Tensile) Modulus
190 GPa
Elongation at Break
14 %
Fatigue Strength
1040 MPa
Poisson's Ratio
0.29
Reduction in Area
46 %
Shear Modulus
73 GPa
Shear Strength
1090 MPa
Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS)
1790 MPa
Tensile Strength: Yield (Proof)
1610 MPa
Hardness
Brinell Hardness
540
Physical
Density
7.8 g/cm 3
Thermal
Latent Heat of Fusion
250 J/g
Maximum Temperature: Mechanical
420 °C
Melting Completion (Liquidus)
1460 °C
Melting Onset (Solidus)
1410 °C
Specific Heat Capacity
470 J/kg-K
Thermal Conductivity
52 W/m-K
Thermal Diffusivity
14 mm 2 /s
Thermal Expansion
13 µm/m-K
Thermal Shock Resistance
53 points
Electrical
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Volume
7.3 % IACS
Electrical Conductivity: Equal Weight (Specific)
8.4 % IACS
Calculated
Resilience: Ultimate (Unit Rupture Work)
250 MJ/m 3
Stiffness to Weight: Axial
13 points
Stiffness to Weight: Bending
24 points
Strength to Weight: Axial
64 points
Strength to Weight: Bending
42 points
Environmental
Base Metal Price
2.3 % relative
Embodied Carbon
2.0 kg CO 2 /kg material
Embodied Energy
28 MJ/kg
Embodied Energy
28 MJ/kg 12 x 10 3 BTU/lb
Embodied Water
51 L/kg
Embodied Water
51 L/kg 6.1 gal/lb
Registered Designations & Aliases
ASTM A232 Chromium-Vanadium Spring Steel
Standards
ASTM A232 ASTM A232: Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire
ASTM A232 ASTM A232: Standard Specification for Chromium-Vanadium Alloy Steel Valve Spring Quality Wire Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels and High Performance Alloys, ASM Handbook vol. 1, ASM International, 1993 Manufacture and Uses of Alloy Steels, Henry D. Hibbard, 2005